Database Management Systems (DBMS): Software that provides tools for creating, managing, and querying databases. Examples include MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Microsoft SQL Server.Database Design: Structuring data logically using schemas, tables, relationships, and keys to ensure efficient storage and retrieval.Data Security: Implementing measures to protect data from unauthorized access and breaches.Scalability: Ensuring the database can handle growth in data volume and user load without performance issues.Backup and Recovery: Techniques to ensure data is regularly saved and can be restored in case of failure or corruption.